Enhancing English Language Teaching for Multilingual Learners: Leveraging Heritage Languages in the Classroom
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15698964Keywords:
Heritage language maintenance, formal education, English language teaching, linguistic diversity, cultural inclusivity, cultural inclusion, language education resultsAbstract
This research examines how Heritage Languages (HLs) shape students' cultural identities, academic growth, and linguistic competence. Based on a multilingual pedagogical framework, the study investigates how to successfully incorporate HLs into English language training, questioning standard monolingual paradigms and advocating for inclusive, asset-based educational approaches. Through a synthesis of theoretical insights, case studies, and implementation models, the study identifies key dimensions of successful HL integration, such as culturally responsive teaching, cross-linguistic awareness, curriculum innovation, teacher professional development, and community engagement. By integrating HL materials into English language education, encouraging metalinguistic awareness, and therefore supporting translingual and intercultural abilities, the research suggests a thorough, seven-part pedagogical strategy that helps multilingual learners. Strategies include respecting students' language origins, pushing the use of HLs in content-based learning, and establishing inclusive classroom settings where all languages are appreciated form the core of this approach. Empirical results and practical approaches show how schools might change from deficit-based narratives to pedagogies that value language variety. The findings of this study have consequences for language education policy, curriculum design, teacher education, and school-community relationships. Finally, the research adds to a larger rethinking of English language instruction, one that sees multilingualism as a valuable resource for student achievement in an increasingly globalized and linguistically varied society.
References
Afreen, A., & Norton, B. (2022). Bangla and the identity of the heritage language teacher. Educational Linguistics, 1(1), 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2021-0008
Akram, H., Yang, Y., Ahmad, N., & Aslam, S. (2020). Factors contributing low English language literacy in rural primary schools of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n6p335
Alshihry, M. A. (2024). Heritage language maintenance among immigrant youth: Factors influencing proficiency and identity. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 15(2), 500–508. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1502.18
Amano, T., Ramírez-Castañeda, V., Berdejo-Espinola, V., Borokini, I., Chowdhury, S., Golivets, M., González-Trujillo, J. D., Montaño-Centellas, F., Paudel, K., White, R. L., & Veríssimo, D. (2023). The manifold costs of being a non-native English speaker in science. PLOS Biology, 21(7), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002184
Anderson, G. D. S., & Daigneault, A. L. (2022). Linguistic human rights, living tongues Institute for endangered languages, and the rise of the multilingual internet. In T. Skutnabb‐Kangas & R. Phillipson (Eds.), The handbook of linguistic human rights (pp. 623–637). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119753926.ch48
Barrett, R., Cramer, J., & McGowan, K. B. (2022). English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States (3 ed.). Routledge.
Bayram, F., Kubota, M., Luque, A., Pascual Y Cabo, D., & Rothman, J. (2021). You can’t fix what is not broken: Contextualizing the imbalance of perceptions about heritage language bilingualism. Frontiers in Education, 6, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.628311
Bonanno, S. L. (2023). Examining the foundations of culturally and linguistically sustaining school leadership: Towards a democratic project of schooling in dual language bilingual education. Educational Administration Quarterly, 59(1), 72–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X221106972
Cele, N. (2021). Understanding language policy as a tool for access and social inclusion in South African higher education: A critical policy analysis perspective. South African Journal of Higher Education, 35(6), 25‒46. https://doi.org/10.20853/35-6-3730
Chen, J. C. (2021). The interplay of avatar identities, self-efficacy, and language practices. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 44(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.19032.che
Choi, J. Y., Ryu, D., Van Pay, C. K., Meacham, S., & Beecher, C. C. (2021). Listening to head start teachers: Teacher beliefs, practices, and needs for educating dual language learners. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 54, 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.08.005
Comstock, L., & Kagan, O. E. (2020). The heritage language learner in study abroad programs: Challenges to achieving intercultural competence. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 19(6), 428–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1726752
Dodu, C. S., & Ernu, E. (2023, 03/2023). Diversity of identity, bilingualism and pluriculturalism in western and eastern cultures. Masa rotunda "Multilingvism și Interculturalitate in Contextul Globalizarii”, editia III,
Driver, M. (2024). Realities of comfort and discomfort in the heritage language classroom: Looking to transformative positive psychology for juggling a double‐edged sword. The Modern Language Journal, 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12899
Dubiel, B., & Guilfoyle, E. (2021). Early shifts in the heritage language strength: A comparison of lexical access and accuracy in bilingual and monolingual children. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006920936337
Em, S. (2021). Challenges of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of Cambodian high school students. Cambodian Journal of Educational Research, 1(2), 96–108.
Escamilla, K., Hopewell, S., & Slavick, J. (2021). Teaching (bi)multilingual learners: connecting languages. The Reading Teacher, 75(3), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.2044
Estrada, P., Wang, H., & Farkas, T. (2020). Elementary English learner classroom composition and academic achievement: The role of classroom-level segregation, number of English proficiency levels, and opportunity to learn. American Educational Research Journal, 57(4), 1791–1836. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219887137
Ezepue, E. I., Nwankwor, P. P., Chukwuemeka-Nworu, I. J., Ozioko, A. N., Egbe, C. O., Ujah, J., Nduka, C., & Edikpa, E. C. (2023). Evaluating the local language dimensions for effective teaching and learning sustainability in the secondary education system in Southeast Nigeria: Results from a small-scale study. Sustainability, 15(9), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097510
Feraco, T., Resnati, D., Fregonese, D., Spoto, A., & Meneghetti, C. (2023). An integrated model of school students’ academic achievement and life satisfaction. Linking soft skills, extracurricular activities, self-regulated learning, motivation, and emotions. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 38(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00601-4
Flessert, M. A. (2023). ESL to composition transitions: Investigating the differences in disciplinary values among two-year college faculty. Doctoral dissertation, Old Dominion University.
Freire, J. A., Delavan, M. G., & Valdez, V. E. (2022). Grassroots resistance and activism to one-size-fits-all and separate-but-equal policies by 90:10 dual language schools en comunidades latinas. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(6), 2124–2141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2021.1874868
Gabillon, Z. (2020). Revisiting CLIL: Background, pedagogy, and theoretical underpinnings. Contextes et didactiques(15). https://doi.org/10.4000/ced.1836
Gándara, P. (2022). The impact of the education reform movement on limited English proficient students. In M. M. Suárez-Orozco, C. Suárez-Orozco, & D. Qin-Hilliard (Eds.), The New Immigrants and American Schools. Routledge.
Genesee, F., & Lindholm, L. K. (2021). The suitability of dual language education for diverse students: An overview of research in Canada and the United States. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 9(2), 164–192. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.21001.gen
Goodrich, J. M., Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., Farver, J. M., & Wilson, K. D. (2021). Influences of the home language and literacy environment on Spanish and English vocabulary growth among dual language learners. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 57, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.05.002
Hamman, O. L. (2024). Cultivating a critical translanguaging space in dual language bilingual education. International Multilingual Research Journal, 18(2), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2023.2277101
Hoff, E., Tulloch, M. K., & Core, C. (2021). Profiles of minority‐majority language proficiency in 5‐year‐olds. Child Development, 92(5), 1801–1816. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13591
Hornberger, N. H., & Wang, S. C. (2017). Who Are Our Heritage Language Learners? In D. M. Brinton, O. Kagan, & S. Bauckus (Eds.), Heritage Language Education (pp. 3–36). Routledge.
Huot, S., Hok, C., Kumar, P., & Heng, L. (2024). Exploring the benefits of teacher involvement in guiding high school students' orientation toward personal and educational growth. Cambodian Journal of Educational and Social Sciences (CJESS), 1(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.69496/cjess.v1i1.9
Inal, D., Bayyurt, Y., Özturhan, M., & Bektaş, S. (2021). Multilingualism in the linguistic landscape of Istanbul. World Englishes, 40(2), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12514
Kim, I. A. (2021). Rethinking Post-Entry Language Assessment Policies in the Context of US Higher Education: A Socially Responsible Approach. Georgetown University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
LaCosse, J., Canning, E. A., Bowman, N. A., Murphy, M. C., & Logel, C. (2020). A social-belonging intervention improves STEM outcomes for students who speak English as a second language. Science Advances, 6(40), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6543
Lavadenz, M., Armas, E. G., Ee, J., & Do, H. T. T. (2023). Critical Multilingual Policy Ecology. In The Handbook of Dual Language Bilingual Education (pp. 652–667). Routledge.
Lavrenteva, E., & Orland, L. B. (2022). Teaching culture in the EFL classroom as informed by teachers’ approaches to student diversity. Research Papers in Education, 37(5), 633–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1864763
Leeman, J., & Showstack, R. (2022). The sociolinguistics of heritage language education. In The routledge handbook of second language acquisition and sociolinguistics (1 ed., pp. 328–340). Routledge.
Liu, Z.-J., Tretyakova, N., Fedorov, V., & Kharakhordina, M. (2020). Digital literacy and digital didactics as the basis for new learning models development. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(14), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i14.14669
Lorenz, E., Feindt, K., Rahbari, S., & Siemund, P. (2022). The influence of extralinguistic variables on cross-linguistic influence in contexts of bilingual heritage speakers: A summary of topical research findings. In H. Brandt, M. Krause, & I. Usanova (Eds.), Language Development in Diverse Settings (Vol. 11, pp. 305–330). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Loza, S., & Beaudrie, S. M. (2021). Heritage language teaching: Critical language awareness perspectives for research and pedagogy (1 ed.). Routledge.
Lukas, B. A., & Yunus, M. M. (2021). ESL teachers’ challenges in implementing e-learning during COVID-19. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(2), 330–348. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.2.18
Macleroy, V., Anderson, J., & Chung, Y.-c. (2024). Grassroots policymaking in practice: including heritage languages in the critical connections project through agency, activism, and alternative voices. Current Issues in Language Planning, 25(5), 590–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2023.2221151
McLeskey, J., Maheady, L., Billingsley, B. S., Brownell, M. T., & Lewis, T. J. (2019). High leverage practices for inclusive classrooms. Routledge.
McPake, J. (2023). CLIL with heritage languages. In The Routledge Handbook of Content and Language Integrated Learning (pp. 195–209). Routledge.
Mokher, C. G., Park-Gaghan, T. J., & Hu, S. (2023). Does developmental education reform help or hinder the success of language minority students? An exploration by language minority, ESOL, and foreign-born status. Education Finance and Policy, 18(3), 467–497. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00364
Nakar, S., & Trevarthen, R. (2024). Investigating VET teachers’ experiences during and post COVID. Policy futures in education, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103241238489
Ortega, L. (2020). The study of heritage language development from a bilingualism and social justice perspective. Language Learning, 70(S1), 15–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12347
Polinsky, M., & Scontras, G. (2020). A roadmap for heritage language research. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000555
Porto, M. (2020). English as a foreign language teachers’ understandings of the native/non-native dichotomy: An argentine perspective. In S. A. Houghton & J. Bouchard (Eds.), Native-Speakerism (pp. 69–88). Springer Singapore.
Rhinehart, L. V., Bailey, A. L., & Haager, D. (2024). Long-term English learners: Untangling language acquisition and learning disabilities. Contemporary School Psychology, 28(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-022-00420-w
Rodriguez, M. d. P. C. (2020). Exploring the Funds of Knowledge of Hispanic Families as a Source to Foster Home Language Maintenance. Greensboro College.
Schalley, A. C., & Eisenchlas, S. A. (2020). Handbook of home language maintenance and development: Social and affective factors. De Gruyter.
Serafini, E. J., Rozell, N., & Winsler, A. (2022). Academic and English language outcomes for DLLs as a function of school bilingual education model: The role of two-way immersion and home language support. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(2), 552–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1707477
Sevy, J. B., Recino, U., & Munoz, C. (2020). Factors affecting English language teaching in public schools in ecuador. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(3), 276–294. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.3.15
Shen, & Tufo, S. N. D. (2022). Parent-child shared book reading mediates the impact of socioeconomic status on heritage language learners’ emergent literacy. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 59, 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.12.003
Shen, C., & Jiang, W. (2021). Heritage. Bilingual Research Journal, 44(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2021.1890650
Smith, S. A., & Li, Z. (2022). Closing the enjoyment gap: Heritage language maintenance motivation and reading attitudes among Chinese-American children. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(3), 1070–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1742653
Sugarman, J., & Lazarín, M. (2020). Educating English learners during the COVID-19 pandemic. Migration Policy Institute, 1, 1–30.
Sun, H., Yussof, N., Vijayakumar, P., Lai, G., O'Brien, B. A., & Ong, Q. H. (2020). Teacher's code-switching and bilingual children's heritage language learning and cognitive switching flexibility. Journal of Child Language, 47(2), 309–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030500091900059X
Tang, M. (2024). Australian Educators’ Use of Children’s Heritage Language in Early Childhood Services: Facilitators and Barriers. Doctoral dissertation, Macquarie University.
Titone, D. A., & Tiv, M. (2023). Rethinking multilingual experience through a systems framework of bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 26(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728921001127
Viegen, S. V., & Zappa, S. H. (2020). Plurilingual pedagogies at the post-secondary level: Possibilities for intentional engagement with students’ diverse linguistic repertoires. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 33(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2019.1686512
Wahyuni, D. S., Rozimela, Y., Ardi, H., & Mukhaiyar, M. (2023). Integrating sustainability in ELT. 20th AsiaTEFL-68th TEFLIN-5th iNELTAL Conference (ASIATEFL 2022),
Walker, D., & Carta, J. J. (2020). Intervention research to improve language-learning opportunities and address the inequities of the word gap. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 50, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.10.008
Wei, L., & García, O. (2022). Not a first language but one repertoire: Translanguaging as a decolonizing project. RELC Journal, 53(2), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221092841
Wilson, S. (2020). Family language policy through the eyes of bilingual children: the case of French heritage speakers in the UK. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 41(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1595633
Wong, J. W., Athanases, S. Z., & Banes, L. C. (2020). Developing as an agentive bilingual teacher: Self-reflexive and student-learning inquiry as teacher education resources. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1345850
Wu, M.-H., & Leung, G. (2022). ‘It’s not my Chinese’: a teacher and her students disrupting and dismantling conventional notions of ‘Chinese’ through translanguaging in a heritage language classroom. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(5), 1811–1824. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1804524
Zhang, Z., Sun, K., Jatchavala, C., Koh, J., Chia, Y., Bose, J., Li, Z., Tan, W., Wang, S., Chu, W., Wang, J., Tran, B., & Ho, R. (2019). Overview of stigma against psychiatric illnesses and advancements of anti-stigma activities in six Asian societies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010280.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Social and Educational Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.